Interactive class

Task 1)
Review topic:
Use Google search (wiki) to complete the following quiz. Take notes in your notebook.
http://www2.yvcc.edu/Biology/230Modules/BIOL230Modules/multi_dropquiz/glands.html



Task 2)
Current topic:
Use the following link to see cell organelles in detail. Note some key differences between different types of cells in your notebook.
https://askabiologist.asu.edu/cell-viewer-game/play.html



Task 3) (Optional)
Using the same link as above, see other topics and make notes.

Endocrine system

Cells

·       Nearly all plants and animals are made up of thousands or millions of microscopic (organs/cells/organelles).

·       All cells contain (blood, cytoplasm, cell wall) enclosed in a cell membrane.

·       (All/most/some) cells have a nucleus.

·       Many chemical reactions take place in the (xylem/vessels/cytoplasm) to keep the cell alive.

·       The nucleus directs the chemical reactions in the cell and also controls cell division/cell membrane/food stores).

·       Plant cells have a cellulose cell wall and a large central (Golgi body/Endoplasmic reticulum/vacuole).

·       Cells are often specialised in their (colour/shape/texture) and activity to carry out particular jobs.

·       Large numbers of similar cells packed together form a (body/organism/tissue).

·       Different tissues arranged together form (organs/organ systems/organisms).

·       A group of related organs makes up a (system/tank/reservoir).

·       The (colour/magnification/clarity) of a specimen can be calculated if the actual size and the size of the image are known.

·       Cytoplasm contains (vacuoles/ribosomes/organelles) such as mitochondria, chloroplasts and ribosomes.

·       The magnification and size of biological specimens can be calculated using millimetres or (picometres/micrometres/metres).

Answers:

·       Nearly all plants and animals are made up of thousands or millions of microscopic (organs/cells/organelles).

·       All cells contain (blood, cytoplasm, cell wall) enclosed in a cell membrane.

·       (All/most/some) cells have a nucleus.

·       Many chemical reactions take place in the (xylem/vessels/cytoplasm) to keep the cell alive.

·       The nucleus directs the chemical reactions in the cell and also controls cell division/cell membrane/food stores).

·       Plant cells have a cellulose cell wall and a large central (Golgi body/Endoplasmic reticulum/vacuole).

·       Cells are often specialised in their (color/shape/texture) and activity to carry out particular jobs.

·       Large numbers of similar cells packed together form a (body/organism/tissue).

·       Different tissues arranged together form (organs/organ systems/organisms).

·       A group of related organs makes up a (system/tank/reservoir).

·       The (colour/magnification/clarity) of a specimen can be calculated if the actual size and the size of the image are known.

·       Cytoplasm contains (vacuoles/ribosomes/organelles) such as mitochondria, chloroplasts and ribosomes.

·       The magnification and size of biological specimens can be calculated using millimetres or (picometres/micrometres/metres).

Paper 4 Theory (Extended)

1(a) (group of) organisms that can reproduce ;
to produce fertile offspring ;

2

1(b) pinna(e) / external ears ;
mammary glands / milk glands / production of milk / lactating /
suckling / breast feeding / nipples /
diaphragm ;
(three) bones in the middle ear ;
(four) different types of teeth / two sets of teeth ;
sweat glands ;
enucleated red blood cells ;
uterus / placenta / navel / AW ;

2

1(c) select, parent(s) / sheep / AW, with, fine / thin, hairs (in wool)
OR
use Merino sheep from South Africa and NZ sheep ;
cross them together / use artificial insemination / IVF / AW ;
measure /  the hairs in the wool of all the offspring ;
select offspring with, fine / thin, hairs (in wool) ;
cross / , offspring together ;
continue / repeat, selection and/or breeding ;
over many generations ;


5 max 4 if no reference to quality of wool

1(d) features are, adaptive / adaptations (for environment) ;
caused by , the, environment / surroundings ;
competition between individuals for (named) resource(s) ;
reference to named selective agent(s) ;
slow(er) ;
increase in fitness ;
explained: ability to survive AND reproduce (in natural environment) ;
maintains (genetic) variation / less (genetic) variation in
selective breeding ;
random mating ;


2(a) carbon dioxide is, raw material / substrate / reactant / AW ;
concentration of carbon dioxide is higher outside leaf than inside (so
carbon dioxide diffuses into the leaf) ;


2(b) subtract the concentration of carbon dioxide at the end from the
concentration at the start / AW ;
divide by the time (taken) / per unit time ;
ref. to taking (rate of) respiration into account ;


2(c)(i) light intensity ;
water (supply) ;
humidity ;


2(c)(ii) increases and, reaches a plateau / remains constant / ‘levels off’ ;
increases (between 10 °C) to 30 °C / levels off at 30 °C ;
any comparative use of figures for rate with units at least once ;


2(c)(iii) 36 ;;

2(c)(iv) temperature is the limiting factor (over whole range) ;

increased temperature increases, kinetic energy / KE, (of molecules) ;
increases rate of diffusion of carbon dioxide (into leaf) ;
temperature, influences / affects, (activity of) enzymes ;
idea of more (effective) collisions between substrate molecules and
enzymes (in plant) / more enzyme-substrate complexes formed ;
more carbon dioxide is, fixed / used in photosynthesis / converted into
sugar ;
carbon dioxide (concentration) is not limiting ;


2(c)(v)

B shows that:
rate of photosynthesis is, higher / continues to increase, if carbon
dioxide is increased (at all temperatures  ;

2(d) prediction:
rate of photosynthesis, remains constant / decreases / slows ;
any explanation one from:
enzymes / active sites, are denatured (at high temperatures) ;
stomata close, so, little / no, carbon dioxide can enter leaves ;
plant is adapted to survive at high temperatures ;

3(a) accommodation ;
antagonistic ;
peripheral ;
optic ;
brain ;


3(b) involves, proteins / carriers / pumps (in neurone membrane) ;
(named) ion(s) bind to, proteins / carriers / pumps, to move ions  ;
move ions, against concentration gradient / from low to high
concentration ;
using energy ;
e.g. change in shape of carrier (protein)


3(c) general marking point
neurotransmitters move across, synapse / gap / junction /;
atropine
neurotransmitter cannot, bind to / enter / reach, receptors ;
therefore no impulses (along, next / postsynaptic, neurone) /
no impulses reach the CNS ;
no sensitivity to stimuli / feels no pain / painkiller ;
no, contraction of muscle / response ;
depressant ;
eserine
neurotransmitter stays in, synapse / synaptic gap ;
neurotransmitter can bind to receptor (rather than stay in synapse) ;
continuously stimulates the, next / postsynaptic, neurone ;
(more) impulses are sent (in, next / postsynaptic, neurone) ;
repeated, contraction of muscle / response ;
stimulant ;

3(d) anabolic steroids increase, muscle mass /;
gives athletes unfair advantage / ref. to cheating / unethical / immoral ;
(named), side effect / effect on health ;
can be banned from taking part in sport if found using them ;
ref. to illegality ; ; e.g. can lose sponsorship / loss of reputation /

4(a) tissue ;
cell structure ;
cell ;
organ ;


4(b)

name of structure function letter on Fig. 4.1
testis

production of
sperm / produces or
releases testosterone

C ;
sperm duct transports sperm but not urine D ;
urethra

passage for urine and
seminal fluid through the
penis

A ;

prostate gland

secretes / produces,
seminal fluid / nutrient-rich
fluid / alkaline fluid / AW

E ;

scrotum
/ scrotal sac contains testes B ;

4(c)
X on testis / label line on testis with X ;



4(d)(i) one set of chromosomes
4(d)(ii) 23

6(a)(ii) growth ;
producing cells ;
increase length of shoot / elongation of shoot ;


6(b) dividing cell / cell division / mitosis, needs (lot of) energy ;
carry out aerobic respiration ;
provide / release, energy ;
(for) a named function in dividing cells ;
e.g. movement of chromosomes
making cell wall
making new (named) molecules (e.g. protein / DNA)
making (named) organelle(s)

6(c)(i) auxin ;

6(c)(ii) auxin

/ hormone:
made in the, shoot / stem, tip ;
moves away from the tip ;
moves to / collects on, lower side of stem ;
stimulates cell elongation ;
stem, bends / grows, upwards ;


6(d) plants have different, structures / parts / specialised cells ;
idea that different parts / specialised cells, have different,
functions / roles / features ;
idea that specific proteins are required in, parts / specialised cells ;
genes code for proteins ;
therefore some genes, are required / are not required ;
; e.g. idea that waste of (named) resource(s) if all genes
expressed

Paper 6 Alternative to Practical

1(a) any two from MP1–3
use ethanol emulsion test ;
mix the sample (with ethanol) ;
add water ;
positive test result
look for cloudy suspension / formation of emulsion ;


1(b)(i) heating (to 80 °C)

1(b)(ii) colour change to yellow / green / orange / brick-red / red


1(c)(i) table, two columns with suitable headings ; e.g. test-tube and observation(s)

all colours recorded: P purple Q purple R blue ;


1(c)(ii) P and Q contain protein and

R contains no protein ;

albumen contains protein ;
acid needed for the enzyme to work ;


1(c)(iii) pH / acid / enzyme

1(c)(iv) as a control / to compare with enzyme test-tubes

to see if albumin was affected by water alone / to see if it was the enzyme or
acid causing the effect

1(c)(v) to keep, volume / albumin concentration, the same

1(c)(vi) error

syringes not clean / cross-contamination ;
effect
dilution of solutions in P, Q and R / enzymes in control

P / acid in wrong place
P

or Q


1(c)(vii) use of acid / enzymes ;

2(a) Line – clear inner line and outer line, with no shading ;
Size – occupies at least half the space available ;
Detail D1 – detail showing two or more layers ;
D2 – crinkled inner line and smooth outer line ;


2(b)(i) length of AB recorded as 37 mm ;

2.8 mm / 2.9 mm ;;

3 A
±1mm

2(b)(ii) similarity

both have layers / same number of layers / presence of lumen (described)
/ contain material in lumen / dotted appearance /;
difference
size / size of lumen / wall thickness / thickness of layers / material in lumen /
shape / striations of middle layer  ;


2(c)(i) 105 ;;


2(c)(ii)

A(xes) – labelled time / minutes and pulse rate / beats per minute or bpm ;
S(cale) – suitable scale and scale that occupies at least half the grid ;
P(lot) – correct plots ;
L(ine) – suitable line joining points ;


2(c)(iii) indication on graph at 15 minutes ;
correct value from graph ;


2(c)(iv) constant before exercise ;

rises during exercise and then falls ;
does not return to resting value by 18 minutes ;
data quote with units ;

2(d) description of method of exercise ;
different speeds indicated ;
measure pulse during / immediately after ;
method for measuring pulse rate ;
named constant variables ;;;
• distance run / time taken
• age / gender / health of participants / same person
• same (named) environment conditions of exercise e.g. temperature / wind
/slope
• rest breaks between measurements / return to resting bpm
at least three participants sampled or carry out three times with the same
person ;
relevant safety precaution ;

Unit 3

• Diffusion is the result of molecules of liquid, gas or dissolved solid moving about. 

• The molecules of a substance diffuse from a region where they are very concentrated to a region where they are less concentrated.
• Substances may enter cells by simple diffusion, controlled diffusion or active transport.
• Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a partially permeable membrane, from a dilute solution of salt or sugar to a concentrated solution because the concentrated solution contains fewer free water molecules.
• Cell membranes are partially permeable and cytoplasm and cell sap contain many substances in solution.
• Cells take up water from dilute solutions but lose water to concentrated solutions because of osmosis.
• Osmosis maintains turgor in plant cells.
• Active transport involves the movement of substances against their concentration gradient. • Active transport requires energy.
• Kinetic energy of molecules and ions results in their diffusion.
• Osmosis involves the diffusion of water from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential through a partially permeable membrane.
• The meanings of the terms turgid, turgor pressure, plasmolysis and flaccid.
• The importance of water potential and osmosis to animal and plant cells.
• Turgor pressure in cells provides support in plants.
• Active transport is important as it allows movement of substances across membranes against a concentration gradient.

Unit 2

•  Nearly all plants and animals are made up of thousands or millions of microscopic cells. 
•  All cells contain cytoplasm enclosed in a cell membrane.
• Most cells have a nucleus.
• Many chemical reactions take place in the cytoplasm to keep the cell alive.
• The nucleus directs the chemical reactions in the cell and also controls cell division.
• Plant cells have a cellulose cell wall and a large central vacuole.
• Cells are often specialised in their shape and activity to carry out particular jobs.
• Large numbers of similar cells packed together form a tissue.
• Different tissues arranged together form organs.
• A group of related organs makes up a system. 
• The magnification of a specimen can be calculated if the actual size and the size of the image are known. 
• Cytoplasm contains organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplasts and ribosomes.
• The magnification and size of biological specimens can be calculated using millimetres or micrometres.
• 
  

Unit 1

Key definitions

1. Movement is an action by an organism causing a change of position or place (see Chapter 14). 
2. Respiration describes the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy (see Chapter 12). 
3. Sensitivity is the ability to detect and respond to changes in the environment (see Chapter 14).
4. Growth is a permanent increase in size (see Chapter 16). 
5. Reproduction is the processes that make more of the same kind of organism (see Chapter 16). Single-celled organisms and bacteria may simply keep dividing into two. Multicellular plants and animals may reproduce sexually or asexually. 
6. Excretion is the removal from organisms of toxic materials and substances in excess of requirements (see Chapter 13). 
7. Nutrition is the taking in of materials for energy, growth and development (see Chapters 6 and 7).

Key definitions 

1. A species is a group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring. 
2. The binomial system is an internationally agreed system in which the scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts showing the genus and the species. The Latin form of the name allows it to be used in all the countries of the world irrespective of language barriers.
3. Archaea: containing ancient prokaryotic organisms which do not have a nucleus surrounded by a membrane. They have an independent evolutionary history to other bacteria and their biochemistry is very different to other forms of life.
4. Eubacteria: prokaryotic organisms which do not have a nucleus surrounded by a membrane.
5. Eukarya: organisms that have a membrane-bound nucleus. This domain is further subdivided into the kingdoms Protoctist, Fungus, Plant and Animal.

Examples of osmosis and active transport

Making simple calculations and using the correct unit: example

Organization levels

Tissues

Specialized cells

Observations electron microscope

Organelles

Marking scheme Cambridge MCQ Paper 2

Plants

Organisation of the organism

Practice unit:2

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1YBPo-pPbfrajkvA29YGwTKuKjpuzgn6I/view?usp=sharing
Complete these questions. Click here.

MCQ on organisation in organisms

Organization and Maintenance of the Organism